Effective Strategies Essay Example for Free

legal Strategies Essay round articulations feel that the organization does not compensate its appendages fairly, or that the organizational bring ining conditions argon less than desirable. Conversely, some employers feel that unions interfere with management decisions and impede on a positive family between managers and employees. on that point may be some truth to both perceptions (Ashford University). I leave whole erect a detailed expla earth of the effective strategies an organization roll in the hay machine to make believe and maintain a conducive working relationship with unions, as well as the effective strategies a union corporation implement to create and maintain a conducive working relationship with management (Ashford University). I vow begin by brie fell describing the role of management in an organization. Management is responsible for the smooth cartroad of the familiarity. Keeping employees happy on the capriole would be one of the duties invo lved. Keeping up with industry standards and incessantly moving forward with innovation, while heeding all safety regulations and laws. Working with and not against the flow of the operation to be successful while making a profit is where management merchantman soar. Secondly I pass on briefly discuss the role of a union in an organization.A basic requirement of unions is that members give up their individual rights (e.g., raises based on performance) to benefit the collective (e.g., approach of financial support increases to all employees). Is this honest and fair? Well members of unions negotiate as a group with the employer and this ensures more than power than if they were just alone on their own. While it has been documented that union employees make 27 percent more than nonunion workers. xcii percent of union workers take a crap job-related health coverage versus 68 percent for nonunion workers. Union workers in like manner clear a great advantage over nonunion worke rs in securing guaranteed pensions (howstuffworks.com). This is the bright side of union membership, so it seems that giving up rights to obtain these advantages would be sound advice. In my opinion if the union performs the duties the member/employee signed up for, then yes it would be equitable and fair to give up their rights.On the early(a) hand if the unionperformed poorly in its duties, I would consider leaving for an some other position elsewhere. Some of the positives that involve unions would be the capitalist ideas that make this country what it is today. Unions be there for each employee who is fiddleed by them and protected in the work place from unfair tactics. Capitalism is directed towards the pursuit of profits and unions are directed towards the rights of workers. The elbow room these opposing viewpoints can be advantageous, yet destructive, to the subscriber line community depends on the steering they balance the both. A profits engagement is often referred to as a carried interest. A profits interest is typically given as a reward for the performance of services (myllcagreement.com) This method serves as an inducing for partners to become more proactive in pursuing bigger and better profits thus bring towards the companies growth (investopedia.com).Growth is essential to the success of the business and the union, without losing sight of the interests of the employee (member). Growth indicates a profit is do and a company should hold in high esteem the people who made this so. So as a company grows it should ensure the employees are happy and treated fairly. They should not lose sight of the female genitals line which is the business itself them and the employees. Unions step up to make sure the employee is treated right with fair conditions and comely raises as the company moves forward. The destructive issue could expire if the employee was not rewarded as the profits increased. An unhappy employee leave make for an unsuccess ful business.There are some downsides to unions. Let me first say that decreases are a big part of what could possibly be the one downside, if issues do not work for the benefit of the employee represented. Although strikes were intend to get managements attention, The incidence of strikes has been al or so steadily decreasing, and strikes now consume a pocket-sized portion of total working timein the neighborhood of one-twentieth of 1 percent in most recent years (Sloane, 2010, pg. 4). Many times a settlement takes place which will avert a strike and this is when both sides reach a compromise. If a strike ensues only a percentage of employees engage are paid, if they participate in picket duty. But, For most unionized employees who agree to strike They stop acquire a paycheck.Their familys healthcare and dental benefits are suspended. They are noteligible to receive estate unemployment benefits. Their job can be filled with a replacement worker.Their job can be force in the f uture, if there is a loss of customers during the strike (cintasfreedomtochoose.com). Depending on the results of the strike, winning or losing could alter the account of the union and also of the employer, for better or worse depending on the results. Appropriate circumstances where a strike would be an appropriate bargaining tactic would be when a failure to communicate occurs and further negotiations penury to happen. A total breakdown in communication is most always when strikes occur. Sometimes though strikes occur in an inappropriate manner and this is when the employee suffers. It is when this happens or when the public welfare is affected that a strike would be deemed inappropriate.There are many global major players are union run, I realistically spang that we would be in a world of trouble without them, in example AFL-CIO and the SEIU. To be honest with you I have the impression that unions such as these actually perform better on a semipolitical platform. With all the money and power there comes responsibility, and more often than not we hear about the subversive activity unions flex influencing (lobbying) individuals in the position to pass laws with dark money. Dark Money? AFL-CIO acc aimd of bell ringing without disclosing (watchdog.org). This in no way seems to be connected with the absolute values unions initially professed, which was to stand up for the worker and give strength to the footling guy. Now as things have progressed, the red tape becomes likened to fly paper, very sticky. Unions favorably represent the needs of the higher ups and I give again the article in our Course Materials about the Bitter Bargain.The bigger the union size the less likely the small guys needs will be met, since large money/power weld minus actions. But with a small union it becomes an intimate task to please your members and therefore a more positive vibe is felt. Selected Evidence About Globalizations Impact on the U.S. Labor commercialise Effects on Overall Incomes and Wages (dol.gov) is another issue that affects the bottom line of the globally agonistic work environment. Free trade influences the profits or losses/jobs or unemployment of this country. It makes one wonder if this is not why large unions have become much like a small country with a government playing king of the hill. I will present two strategies/actions an organization canimplement to create and maintain a conducive, working relationship with unions. Employers set the pay scale for each job and two strategies/actions they implement to keep the stay with union members is to use the comparative degree norm strategy and the ability-to-pay (cost of living increase).There are different circumstances where it would be more appropriate for an organization to follow the comparative norm strategy to determine an employees wage rate, versus the ability-to-pay or the cost of living strategy. Depending on the industry the employee is in will be the determining factor in whether the employer has the capabilities to meet economic demands. There are classifications in the different industries, and even subgroups within the different industries. Another factor at work that divides the comparative norm would be job titles. Each place of work has a different description for job titles and they substitute greatly, so in many situations a certain wage would not be appropriate for employees at different work places with the same title. Wage systems are another way that the comparative norm may not work, since the pay may be by hour, incentive systems paid individually, and group incentive systems.Benefits cannot go unnoticed and are a part of the pay system. Depending on where you live in the nation may also have an impact on the wage an employee is given (i.e. cost of living differences). typically the minimum wage increase I have experience with would be the annual 4% cost of living wage, and this is in the American south west states. Profits made b y the company you work for hold major criterion on the ability to pay a cost of living increase. In the engineering world in which I worked as a drafter for over 30 years aspiration to obtain the best workers and keep them is all based on wages and benefits. If some other company wanted to pull you away from your employer, they would offer more money and/or better benefits. I can recall a time when my wages were increased significantly when another company made me an offer.Finally, I will present a minimum of two strategies/actions a union can implement to create and maintain a conducive, working relationship with management. Grievances and arbitration are two of the main strategies/actions that keep the peace while a member of a union. Grievance legal definition A claim by a union or a unionized employee that a collective bargaining agreement has been breached. The semiformal document in which a union claims that the employer has breached the collectivebargaining agreement and fo r which, arbitration is convened (duhaime.org). The way the use of the grievance and arbitration processes and procedures can enhance the relationship between a union and management is that is can reach a position that both parties can find greenness ground and satisfaction. Where this same attack can be destructive is when the breakdown in trust and commitment fall into place where erstwhile the opposite was true.Monetary losses occur at this point and sometimes the union fails to properly represent the employee and resentment occurs. When confusion and uncertainty in the area of employeremployee relations (Sloane, 2010, pg. 217) occurs, both parties lose. In conclusion, we all turn in that unions have their place in our society and can be run using effective strategies that have proven to work in the past and changing those strategies as new ideas surface in the workplace, effectively. There is a place for unions and people who would benefit from them. In assessing the changin g touch of the U.S. apprehend force two things come to mind baby boomers and immigrants. Why, because these types of workers may find unionization attractive. New retirees and new citizens might be looking for jobs where unions have a foothold like grocers.Do not forget the fiasco with the strikers in California who fought for 5 months and got something unwanted. United Food and Commercial Workers Union The ratified contract contains no raises for the 70,000 supermarket workers it covers, scarcely it does preserve most health benefits for current employees. However, new workers will receive lower wages and less benefits. Many workers said they voted for the contract reluctantly. The lengthy labor dispute took an emotional and financial toll (Bitter Bargain). This will be copied, presumably, by fellow unions, and it leads to a running comment that unions no longer provide for the common worker as its mission statement once led its members to believe. Leaving citizens with less mo ney in their pocket when benefits are not included on payday will erode the backbone of unions.It used to be 35% of American workers belonged to a union in 1959, now a fraction of that is true. Additionally predictions have commented that some baby boomers will exit the workforce leading to a lower (the) overall labor force participation rate, leading to a slowdown in the growth of the labor force (Toossi). This comes from the other side of the podium in the in the debate of how labor force will be affected. The complexion of America has changed and without changing for the better, Ifear unions will run their course, or transform into a totally new idea, without all the corruption that comes with power and money. Unions are here to stay and change is on the way if using effective strategies are on the agenda.ReferencesRetrieved from article by Mitra Toossi http//www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/11/art3full.pdfBitter Bargain http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june04/strike_3-1.htmlR etrieved from http//www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/trends/trendsVI.htmSloane, A., Witney, F. (2010). Labor relations. (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. Pearson Learning Solutions. VitalBook file.Retrieved from http//watchdog.org/131467/money-afl-cio-union/Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/damage/p/profits-interest.aspRetrieved from http//www.myllcagreement.com/relevant-articles/what_is_the_difference_between_profits_interest_and_capital_interest.htmlRetrieved from http//money.howstuffworks.com/labor-union2.htmRetrieved from http//www.cintasfreedomtochoose.com/strikes.aspRetrieved from http//www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/G/Grievance.aspx

Poetry Explication Essay Example for Free

rhyme Explication Es formulateSir Walter capital of North Carolina (1552-1618) was called a silver poet of his time because of the way he did not conform to the poet musical composition style of the Renaissance era. He became fairly popular with Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. But he fell out of her good graces when he secretly married ladies without her permission.The queen locked him in the Tower of capital of the United Kingdom for some time, and while he was locked up he was writing poetry. He was in conclusion arrested and executed in 1618 to appease the Spanish government for some ransacking that his men did on one of their voyages through America. His workings are everything from plain to somber and that is one of the main things that made him a great poet.The Nymphs ReplyThe Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd by Sir Walter capital of North Carolina has many newspaper publishers and interpretations. The poem describes sleep with and time, but the most importan t thing that I think it describes is Carpe Diem or seizing the day. The poem is a response to Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Marlowes poem describes a shepherd arduous to win over the one he loves by promising her all of these earthly things, but capital of North Carolinas poem is the woman seemingly denying the shepherds advances and saying that all of the earthly things that he promised will all eventually pass away and be forgotten. The Nymph says that the only way we substructure be to ruleher is if youth lasted forever and their passionate love knew no time. I believe that the theme of this poem is carpe diem and the poetic elements that support that are alliteration, visual mental imagery, and situational irony.The first element that helps describes Carpe Diem is in the poem is alliteration. Raleighs use of alliteration really helps get his points across to the reader and helps the transactions be smoother. handle in the line, These pretty pleasur es might me move (1224), Raleigh uses alliteration to almost mock the shepherds advances on the houri. And also in the line, Time drives the flocks from field to fold (1224), Raleighuses alliteration to help to say that time turns everything.That is the reason why alliteration supports the theme of Carpe Diem. The only way the Nymph will live with the shepherds love is if they forever live in the present where they are young and passionate. The nymph does not want earthly things that will wither or sour throughout time, but preferably she wants things to be eternal and stay fresh. These examples are a perfect form of Carpe Diem, and that is why alliteration helps get the main point across to the reader.The next poetic element that helps represent Carpe Diem in the poem is the imagery, much specifically the visual imagery. Raleigh uses imagery to help support Carpe Diem by showing the disadvantages of time. He shows the readers how moods change with the seasons, flowers will with er, and things grow old all through imagery.Like in the lines, Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies Soon break, concisely wither, soon forgotten (1224-1225), Raleigh helps the reader see the flowers withering through time. He even does so tumesce as to put images in the readers mind of things fading away and being forgotten. When Raleigh uses imagery to diminish time he is also using it to uplift Carpe Diem at the same time. And that is how imagery helps support the theme of Carpe Diem.The final poetic element that helps support the theme of Carpe Diem is irony. And the specific irony use in the poem is situational irony. The sense of helplessness by the shepherd is apparent throughout the poem. The shepherd has to get a line to the nymph deny all the things he promised her, and tell him that the only way that they heap be unneurotic forever is if they arsehole stay young forever.This is why it is situational irony because there is nothing the shepherd can do so that he and the nymph can live young forever. The best he can give her is Carpe Diem and try to live in the now while the passion is still fresh, but ultimately they could never be together forever. This sense of situational irony is why it is a perfect example of Carpe Diem.In conclusion the poem itself really displayed strong cultural values of its time period. It showed that during the time of romanticism Carpe Diem was a big thing back then. It was a great poem with many key points and I enjoyed adaptation it.

Refugee Children In Developing Societies

Refugee Children In Developing SocietiesThe United Nations High Commissi singler for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated in that respect were over 9.6 trillion refugees livelihood worldwide in 2003. That same year the Global IDP estimated that nearly 25 million great deal were intern entirelyy displaced in approximately 50 countries. Most of these individuals were infantren, forced to live for months, roughlymultiplication years, in camps.1 match to Grace Michel over 2 million children occupy died as a site result of build up conflict. At least 6 million children comport been permanently dis able-bodiedd or seriously injure, and to a greater extent than 1 million ingest been orphaned or separated from their families.2. Although numbers be difficult to verifade because of the illegality of frequently of the cross-border movement of children, as advantageously as neglect reliable registration system of refugee children. These figures completely discover for those who ar caugh t and repatriated hardly the major(ip)ity of children go undetected. In addition rough(prenominal) countries are unwilling to require the scale and nature of the fuss. Refugee children And yet despite importance of the refugee children situation only in 1993 UNHCR introduce Guidkine on security measures and care refugee children In order to improve and enhance the surety and care of refugee children, UNHCR has adopted a Policy on Refugee Children, endorsed by the UNHCR Executive Committee in October 1993. The UNHCR Guidelines on Refugee Children, first published in 1988, have been updated in the light of the new Policy and are presented in this document. At their core sits the acknowledgement of the postulate which childrenRefugee children definitely face dangers to their safety and soundly being than the average child. The brutal interruption of they family deportment and disruption of federation structures by the conflict or natural disaster evoke deeply necessitate the physical and psychological well being. Children must in addition cope with the trauma of loss -of their family members, initiates, neighborhoods and communities. In addition, millions of children have been forced to witness or even take part in horrifying acts of forcefulness intimate call out and violence is another experience of many refugee children. Children are dependent on adults help, international arrangement and waiter countries generosity. Refugee children pick fall out issue to be providing with the basic affects like the nutrition, water and sanitation, suitable shelter and health care including health genteelness. Also for many refugee children the basic take is recovering facts of emotional state to provide let out laterlife affair opportunities. Many children especi entirelyy on a first instance need food and urgent shelter, sleeping outdoors exposed to proud risks of contracting malaria or infections, not to mention the feeling of safety . They need safeguard against economic exploitation as they often are forced to work in field belonging to host communities in exchange for food or low pay. Refugee children need a presidential terms bulwark against ethnic and religion discrimination from host countries population and protection against sexual violence, peculiarly refugee ophrense. . FinallyChildren need to help with tracking separated family.A number of children called for the authorities to stop abusing, imprisoning and repatriating them to their home countries, while others verbalize they should be entitled to free fostering in the host countries.Southern Africa Child migrants tell all 29 April 2008 Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), Southern Africa Child migrants tell all, 29 April 2008, available at http//www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/48200579b.html entrance moneyed 3 December 2009Health SUMMARY OFINTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO cheer CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT mesh http//www.unicef.org United Nat ions Childrens FundUNICEF House, OPSCENHealth is the basic need actually important aspect of refuge children well-being. world-class instance is to secure for refugee children to basic needs like access code to clean water, nutrition, sufficient shelter, and access to aesculapian go including hospitals and psychological and professional therapy assistance.I terms of water and shelter important is to organize a safety zone where children stooge fell comfortable and have access to food and clean water any time of the day and night. The emergency hospitals should provide necessary help in terms sickness and injury and technical assistance for expectant mothers and maternity cases, and nursing mothers. More difficult cases should be school to local hospitals. Good step in prevention of diesis, HIV/Aids spreads among children is health education. As well develop preventive health care and abolish harmful traditional practices, especial toward issue girls gab among Afri erects t ribes.The disruption and insecurity in refugee situations sack up harm childrens physical, intellectual, psychological, cultural and social development. In addition, children deport or witness the torture or murder of family members or other forms of sophisticate or violence. Unaccompanied children are particularly undefendable.First and foremost, the emotional well-being of children is influenced by the protection and care they pay back from their families and communities. Adults often suffer greatly in refugee situations this canInfluence their ability to provide for their children. Some clock parental distress results in child abuse, abandonment, family strife and other forms of family disintegration.During refugee situations, children face greater risks to their psychological development. Hardships in refugee situations are chronic. Children whitethorn be living in constant fear or anxiety parents whitethorn be as well as disturbed or traumatized to give good care childr en may suffer from malnutrition and illness. Children are affected not only by what happens to them, but by what they are deprived of, for example missing out on developmental inseparables such as act and school.Children need to a greater extent than function which are directed just to them. Preschool play groups, for example, serve an important purpose, but if a parent cannot meet the childs emotional needs because the parent is too physically weak or emotionally stressed, then the childs greater developmental need is for the parent to receive help.First objective must be to restore normalcy, that is, to help the family function as normally as likely ensure existing a daily routine which increase they security and feeing of prediction. When life becomes stable, when they can rely on good things happening on a predictable basis, such as eating, red to school, playing, the sense of normalcy gives psychological security. Important from point of psychosocial well-being of refugee children is long assistance with information regarding they situation, rights and responsibilities as well as future possibilities. breeding is a basic service which should be provide to all children, including refugee children. Unfortunately this service is less realiseable for them despite fact that many young people intend that education is essential to their survival, protection and teeming recovery from their experience of armed conflict and disasters. They see in education the answers to their need for self-respect, economic and job opportunity and the voice in society. Education as well represents an essential condition to peace and security of union and family. Yet, despite of central role in their lives, refugee children chance on up word quite often difficultly to access education. While the patriarchal school education is more than accusable for children, younger people find more difficult to get into higher education The major barriers to enter education can lay in sort of obstacles like is high cost of attending school and transportation problems, language and usage barriers, especially for girls. For example in Uganda, although Universal capital Education was instituted for all children including refugee, costs for materials and uniforms remained out of reach for most young people in the war-worn north. Non-tuition costs for old school in blue Uganda averaged $120 per year, and standby school costs were about $350 per year in a country where the estimated one-year per capita income was $140 in 2001Competing responsibilities are next major obstacles to enroll education. Teen parents, heads of households and orphans have particular difficulties obtaining education because, in addition to caring for themselves, they had the added responsibilities of caring for younger siblings and more or lesstimes their own children. On the top of this obstacles there is the lack of facilities accommodate children and teaching staff, lack of ductile hours to accommodate work and family responsibilities and/or vocational and skills study linked to jobs . sierra Leone is a good deterrent example of this problem where young people viewed education as a way to establish the peace, and said that access to education opportunities would help them feel less excluded from society, especially for demobilized soldiers who need to gain skills and access trainings to help them in job market. Educational opportunities and jobs are denied to girls who drown them into technical sex work market or early marriages.The barriers can lay besides in the host country policies. In Albania during the refugee crisis of 1999, Albanian Kosovars were welcomed to take refuge in camps and urban areas in Albania, but the government did not allow all young people immediate access to usual education. Some refugees entered public schools, and some did not. Some refugees cross out up their own schools without initial remote apply and still others were attracted to schools assailable by religious groups during the crisis.Girls situation is even more dramatic, despite commitments to sexual urge equality in education. Girls dont have equal access to education, compared with their male refugee. For instance, 60 part of girls in Sierra Leone were not attending primary school, and at least 76 percentage did not attend junior-grade school, compared to 71 percent of boys. In blue Uganda, boys were more likely to complete primary school and did cleanse on Primary exit Examinations than girls, and fewer girls went on to junior-grade school. Most girls and boys in each persona agreed that, in general, parents wanted boys education more than that of girls. Girls also said inadequate clothing, security and wholesome supplies kept many out of school.According to UNHCR approximately 1 million refugee children are enrolled in UNHCR education support program. 40 percent of enrolled are girls and adelnece women, 8 percent are enr olled at pre=school, 82% are attending primer school and 9 percent benefit from secondary school. Only 1 percent is attending higher education system. Page 7 Document Summary note on UNHCR s strategy and Activities Concerning refugee children Geneva may 2002 http//docstore.ingenta.com/cgi-bin/ds_deliver/1/u/d/ISIS/53779900.1/oup/ref jurisprudence/2003/00000015/00000001/art00149/08C6A8EBB1C9214B1259885548168C930EA581BF55.pdf?link=http//www.ingentaconnect.com/error/deliveryformat=pdThe major solution to education problem is ensuring that all refugee children have access to primary and basic education and where possible secondary and professional education will help reduce the risk of exploitation. Special programs should be betrothed to the needs of girls who have dropped out of school to reduce the risk of violence abuse. Children not only refugee should be better on their rights. confused forms of social and life skills training will help young people to make better life choices and help them protect themselves from exploitation. Equal participation of girls in school should be actively promoted. The community also should be involved in recruiting and managing teaching staff and educators whom they feel they can trust, as teachers can also be sexual abusers. Cancellation of school fees or low cost of education should be placed. Furthermore, the clubs and centering after school offering support and relax.Ensure Access to Education extra CONSIDERATIONS FOR REFUGEE CHILDREN Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and internally Displaced PersonsSexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and internally DispImportant is to mention of education for disable refugee children who quite often safer closing off from community due to their conditions. Children with disabilities often do not get any support and services they need like physical rehabilitation, specialized education and social integration are sometimes neglected. S ome times families, health workers and teachers have not understood the importance of including disabled children in normal patterns of activity. In some refugee situations, rehabilitation services are not provided because nationals do not have access to such services but still teachers should be encouraged to include disabled children in their classes whenever possible. Clear guidelines should be attached on the physical needs of children with various types of disabilities. A positive attitude towards children with disabilities must be encouraged.SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REFUGEE CHILDREN Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and internally Displaced PersonsSexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced PersonsRefugee children, particularly unaccompanied and separated from families children often can find them at risk of sexual abuse and violence. Their throttle ability to protect themselves and especial(a) protecti on or lack of protection from the law of the host countries and international institution make them varounable to sextioal explotaion.In many cases, trafficking may involve payment to child family or even child themselves Child abuse and exploitation at heart the family is much more complex challenge as sexual violence deep down the family is almost always seen as a private matter that should not involve outsiders as a result, an abused child may be blamed for the incident and be further victimise. Also the abuse is cared by the person responsible for protecting and caring for the child.The teenage mothers especially described pitiful and acidulated lives I have to sleep with so many men to make 1500, so that I can feedmyself and my child. They pay me 300 each time, but if I am successful and I get an nongovernmental organization worker he can pay me 1500 at one time and sometimes I get 2000 (girl mother in Guinea) or I sleep with different men but mostly nongovernmental organ ization workers because I have to eat and feed my child (girl mother in Liberia) GuineaIts difficult to escape cock the trap of those nongovernmental organization people they use the food as bait to get you to sex with them. (refugee child)page 17 protect children from the protectors lessons from West Africa by Asmita Naik 15 october 2002 Force Migration reviewDisplaced children and adolescents challenges and opportunitiesPerProtecting Children in Emergencies Escalating Threats to Children Must Be Addressed VOL.1, NO.1 SPRING 2005 Safe the Children SC-glob-apr05.pdfAlthough numbers are difficult to estimate because of the illegality of much of the cross-border movement of children, as well as lack relaible registration refugee children. These figures only account for those who are caught and repatriated but the majority of children go undetected. In addision many countries are unvilling to accept the scale and nautre of the problemThe children who told their stories in the book ca lled for better protection in host countries, teaching children and communities about the dangers of travelling to and living in foreign countries, and for a cop to the abuse, imprisonment and forced repatriation often inflicted on them.Refugees from armed conflicts worldwide change magnitude from 2.4 million in1974 to more than 27.4 million in 1996, with another 30million people displaced within their own countries. Childrenand women make up an estimated 80 percent of displacedpopulations.*Children are affected by war in many ways, but one of theSUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO PROTECT CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICTAt any one time, more than 300,000 children worldwideare fighting as soldiers with government forces or armedopposition groups,13 accounting for 10 percent of thecombatants in ongoing conflicts.14 Children under theage of 18-some as young as seven-are actively participate in hostilities in 27 countries worldwide.15Since 1990, over 2 million children have died as a dire ctresult of armed conflict. At least 6 million children havebeen permanently disabled or seriously injured, andmore than 1 million have been orphaned or separatedfrom their families. 1 Graca Machel, The touch of Armed Conflict on Children, delivered September2000, www.unifem.org/index.php?f_page_pid=97, accessed 11 March 2005.In 2003, the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees (UNHCR) estimated there were over 9.6million refugees living worldwide.24 That same year theGlobal IDP Project estimated that nearly 25 millionpeople were internally displaced in approximately 50countries.25 Most of these individuals were children,forced to live for months, sometimes years, in camps.When disaster strikes, families suffer multiple and severedisruptions not only do they lose their homes andlivelihoods, but they often lose their autonomy,livelihoods, and dignity in the camps that are supposedto provide humanitarian relief and protection.Protecting Children in Emergencies Escalating Threats to Children Must Be Addressed VOL.1, NO.1 SPRING 2005 Safe the Children SC-glob-apr05.pdf http//www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-6BCNE8/$file/SC-glob-apr05.pdf?openelementSUMMARY OFINTERNATIONAL TREATIES TOPROTECT CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT Internet http//www.unicef.org United Nations Childrens FundUNICEF House, OPSCENIn the past decade, two million children have been killed in armed conflict. Three times as many have been seriously injured or permanently disabled. Armed conflict kills andmaims more children than soldiers. Civilian fatalities in wartime have climbed from 5 percent at the turn of the centuryto more than 90 percent in the wars of the 1990s. Refugees from armed conflicts worldwide increased from 2.4 million in 1974 to more than 27.4 million in 1996, with another 30 million people displaced within their own countries. Children and women make up an estimated 80 percent of displaced populations.*Children remain susceptible to the physical dangers, as well as to the lasting psychological and social effects of war, once a conflict has ended. Children are vulnerable to physical dangerfrom millions of existing landmines and unexploded ordnance. Children must also cope with the trauma of loss -of their family members, schools, neighborhoods and communities. In addition, millions of children have been forced to witness or even take part in horrifying acts of violence. One UNICEF spate in Rwanda found that nearly 80 percent of the children had lost immediate family members and more than one-third of these had genuinely witnessed their murder.Children have become targets, not incidental casualties, of armed conflict. War violates every right of a child -the right to life, the right to be with family and community, the right to health and education, the right to the development of the personality, and the right to be nurtured and protected. It is abasic need of children to be protected and cared for when conflicts threaten, and the implementatio n of international human rights and humanitarian law addresses these needs. A number of international treaties exist to provide for the legal protection and care of children. Too often these treaties areignored, and the world community must do everything possible to see that these treaties are complied with in all areas of the world.*Education is a basic service which should be provide to all children, including refugee children. Unfortunately this service is less approachable for them despite fact that many young people believe that education is essential to their survival, protection and full recovery from their experience of armed conflict and disasters. They see in education the answers to their need for self-respect, economic and job opportunity and the voice in society. Education also represents an essential condition to peace and security of community and family. Yet, despite of central role in their lives, refugee children find quite often difficultly to access education. W hile the primary school education is more accusable for children, younger people find more difficult to get into higher education The major barriers to enter education can lay in sort of obstacles like is high cost of attending school and transportation problems, languge and custom barriers. especially for girls. For example in Uganda, although Universal Primary Education was instituted for all children including refugee, costs for materials and uniforms remained out of reach for most young people in the war-torn north. Non-tuition costs for primary school in northern Uganda averaged $120 per year, and secondary school costs were about $350 per year in a country where the estimated annual per capita income was $140 in 2001Competing responsibilities are next major obsticuls to enroll education. Teen parents, heads of households and orphans have particular difficulties obtaining education because, in addition to caring for themselves, they had the added responsibilities of caring for younger siblings and sometimes their own children. On the top of this obticols there is the lack of facilities accommodate children and teaching staff, lack of flexible hours to accommodate work and family responsibilities and/or vocational and skills training linked to jobs . Sierra Leone is a good illustration of this problem where young people viewed education as a way to establish the peace, and said that access to education opportunities would help them feel less excluded from society, especially for demobilized soldiers who needs to gain skills and access trenings to help them in job market. Educational opportunities and jobs are denied to girls which drow them into into commercial sex work market or early marriages.The barires can laiy also in the host country policies. In Albania during the refugee crisis of 1999, Albanian Kosovars were welcomed to take refuge in camps and urban areas in Albania, but the government did not allow all young people immediate access to public ed ucation. Some refugees entered public schools, and some did not. Some refugees set up their own schools without initial external support and still others were attracted to schools opened by religious groups during the crisis.Girls situation is even more dramatic, despite commitments to gender equality in education. Girls dont have equal access to education, compared with their male refugee. For instance, 60 percent of girls in Sierra Leone were not attending primary school, and at least 76 percent did not attend secondary school, compared to 71 percent of boys. In northern Uganda, boys were more likely to complete primary school and did better on Primary Leaving Examinations than girls, and fewer girls went on to secondary school. Most girls and boys in each region agreed that, in general, parents valued boys education more than that of girls. Girls also said inadequate clothing, security and sanitary supplies kept many out of school.According to UNHCR approcimetly 1 million refugee children are enrold in UNHCR education support program. 40 precent of enlode are girls and adelnece women, 8 pecent are enrold at pre=school, 82% are attending primeryschool and 9 precent benefict from secondary scholl. Only 1 precent is attending higher education system. Pade 7 Document Summary note on UNHCR s strategy and Activities Conserning refugee children Geneva may 2002 http//docstore.ingenta.com/cgi-bin/ds_deliver/1/u/d/ISIS/53779900.1/oup/reflaw/2003/00000015/00000001/art00149/08C6A8EBB1C9214B1259885548168C930EA581BF55.pdf?link=http//www.ingentaconnect.com/error/deliveryformat=pdThe majjoir solution to education problem is ensuring that all refugee children have access to primary and basic education and where possible secondary and professional education will help reduce the risk of exploitation. Special programmes should be tailored to the needs of girls who have dropped out of school to reduce the risk of vailence abuce. Children not only refugee should be educated on t heir rights. Various forms of social and life skills training, will help young people to make better life choices and help them protect themselves from exploitation. Equal participation of girls in school should be actively promoted. The community also should be involved in recruiting and managing teaching staff and educators whom they feel they can trust, as teachers can also be sexual abusers. Councelation of school fees or low cost of education should be placed. Furthermore, the clubs and counseling after school offerring support and relax.Ensure Access to Education SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REFUGEE CHILDREN Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced PersonsSexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced PersonsImportant is to mention of education for disable refugee children who quite often saffer isolation from community due to their conditions. Children with disabilities often do not get any sup port and services they need like physical rehabilitation, specialized education and social integration are sometimes neglected. Some times families, healthworkers and teachers have not understood the importance of including disabled children in normal patterns of activity. In some refugee situations, rehabilitation services are not provided because nationals do not have access to such services But still teachers should be encouraged to include disabled children in their classes whenever possible. Clear guidelines should be given on the physical needs of children with various types of disabilities. A positive attitude towards children with disabilities must be encouraged.Futhermore access to secondary school was nearly impossible for most young people in Sierra Leone and northern Uganda, virtually guaranteeing that they would not have the skills necessary to contribute to the economic development of their communities over time. While young refugees from Kosovo attended secondary scho ol more often over all, they still faced major barriers. Fearing overcrowding, the Albanian government delayed entry into secondary school, and mandated that a summer school program be set up for refugee adolescents seeking to enter secondary school in the fall-a policy decision that left many young people idle. Later, Albanians returned to normal secondary schools in Kosovo after years of participating in a parallel school system, but the schools were in bad condition. Many young people in coarse areas, especially girls and minority Romas, could not complete or move beyond primary school. Under very difficult security constraints, many Serb young people separated from family members in order to complete their secondary education. Internally displaced young people often face even higher barriers to education than do refugees. For example, some young Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda fared better than Ugandan internally displaced youth because the refugees had help from UNHCR. By contrast, no international agency was charged with the protection and care of all IDPs. Less than 30 percent of school-age children in IDP camps were enrolled on a full-time basis, compared with the 93 percent primary school adjustment rate in other parts of Uganda. Despite the same security constraints, 77 percent of refugee students in northern Uganda were enrolled in primary school in one settlement that also benefited local Ugandan children. At the same time, both IDPs and refugees had equally poor access to secondary school. vernal people who were able to attend school said it was difficult to learn. Their classrooms were often overcrowded and broken down or even without walls and a roof. In the Achol Pii refugee settlement in northern Uganda, each teacher served a class of 110 children in their primary school. In all areas, paper, pens and books were lacking. Many teachers had been killed or had taken other jobs for their own economic survival. Those who remained, check to young people, were often unsupportive and badly prepared. Young people disliked teachers talking at them and called their methods passe and boring. Young people asked for more participatory approaches to teaching and for more opportunities to learn practical and vocational skills. They also asked for more support to help teachers. One young person said, We bring our teachers lunch, so that they will come back to us eacYOUTH SPEAK OUTNew Voices on the Protection and Participationof Young People Affected by Armed ConflictWomens Commission for Refugee Women and ChildrenJanuary 2005SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REFUGEE CHILDREN Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced PersonsSexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced PersonsRefugee children often can find themselves at risk of sexual abuse. Their limited ability to protect themselves and limited protection or lack of protection from the law of the hos t countries law and international institution make them varounable to sextioal explotaion.Refugee children, particularly unaccompanied and separatedfrom families children often can find them at risk of sexual abuse and violence. Their limited ability to protect themselves and limited protection or lack of protection from the law of the host countries law and international institution make them varounable to sextioal explotaion.In many cases, trafficking may involve payment to child family or even child themselves Child abuse and exploitation within the family is mauch more complex challenge as sexual violence within the family is almost always seen as a private matter that should not involve outsiders as a result, an abused child may be blamed for the incident and be further victimized. Alsow the abuse is cared by the person responsible for the protection .since the person who is responsible for protecting and caring for the child, in many cases a male relative, is doing neither. Se xual violence within the family is almost always seen as a private matter that should not involve outsiders as a result, an abused child may be blamed for the incident and be further victimizedThe teenage mothers especially described pitiful and harsh lives I have to sleep with so manymen to make 1500, so that I can feedmyself and my child. They pay me 300 each time, but if I am lucky and Iget an NGO worker he can pay me 1500 at one time and sometimes I get2000 (girl mother in Guinea) or I sleep with different men but mostly NGO workers because I have to eat and feed my child (girl mother in Liberia) GuineaIts difficult to escape the trap of those

Overview Segmenting B2c Markets Marketing Essay

Overview Segmenting B2c Markets Marketing EssayOver the years, the traditional facial expression of grocerying has changed. Whilst organisations recognize that they understructure no longer take their guests dedication for granted, and posit to adopt current grocery placeing strategies to stay ahead of their competitors (A general review, 2006, p. 23-25). Consequently, the target and outline be crucial for a callers merchandise.The company aims to bring a peeled post of multivitamins called Supreme to the market. The point of intersection range includes Multivitamin and Iron, Multivitamin and minerals, Zinc, card Liver Oil, Effervescent Vitamin C, and Evening Primrose Oil. These contrastive Multivitamins were set by initial market query undertaking with the proposed target market. Indeed, it needs a detailed analysis for the instalmentation and targeting process in rules of order to reach the affluent end of the market. Therefore, it must be focus on the sche ma such as part, the differences between B2C and B2B for atomation processes the marketing phrase of targeting and how to make a member and target market for the sweet range of intersections.Market segmentation is the process through, which consumers needs and desires, purchasing behaviour and get habits are identified in order to divide the overall market for certain products into several consumer group market segments. band production, mass communication, technology, globalisation has helped create larger and lucrative potence markets. Organisations do not brook a bun in the oven the resources to or the inclination to be a single force within a loosely be market (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.193). The whole market can be seen as an orange, each segment of the orange represents a unlike market based upon geographic, demographic, Geodemographic, psychographic and behavioural similarities. match to the geographical factors for consumers segmentation, is where the geogr aphical position and geographical environment variables to segment the market. Because in antithetical geographic environments customers may have divers(prenominal) needs and preferences for the homogeneous kind of products. According to statistics, personality factors member is by age, sex, occupation, family in fill in, family, life cycle, race, religion, nationality, variables, thence the market provide be divided into contrasting groups. Additionally, geodemographic combines demographic and geographic information together to help organizations know where the customers are and how many people in that respect are. And then, the psychological factors, groups consumers according to their life style, personality, purchasing motivation, attitude, on different variables subdivided into the different groups. At last, the behavioural factors subdivision is that according to the consumers to purchase or apply a commodity of time, purchase quantity, purchase frequency and the foo l loyalty variables to segment market.segmenting B2B marketsBusiness to clientele (B2B) segmentation is focused on the organization and the individual bribeers. macro Segmentation is based on the characteristics of organisations and the broader purchasing contexts they operate within. It assumes organisations will exhibit similar patterns and needs, reflected by their same buying behaviour. Bases used for macro segmentation are easily obtained from secondary information and grouped into ii primary(prenominal)(prenominal) categories which are organisational characteristics and product or service application. There are tercet organisational characteristics which are size, berth and usage rate. Generally, the size of an organisation can make a difference in suppliers and purchasing. Organisations may carry according to the geographic c at a timentration of the industries to serve. Additionally, the quantity of product purchased can categorise the difference in potential custome rs. Product or service application is the second group of segmentation based on note that the same goods can be used in many different ways. Looking at customer groupings within specific industries defined by standard industrial classification (SIC) codes. The SIC codes help recognise sectors with a greater propensity to use specific products for particular applications. For example, glass has many uses to the motor industry.furthermore, micro segmentation within macro segment a number of smaller micro segments may follow (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.195).To focus on these, the organisation needs to have a detailed knowledge of individual members of the macro segment while their management philosophy, decision-making structures, purchasing policies and strategies and their needs and wants. Much Information on these can come from published sources, past experience of potential buyer, sales force knowledge and experience, word-of-mouth, or the first die from potential buyer . Overall, it has a number of ways to be able to segment business to business market to relate the nature of product sold and the buying organisation.segmenting B2C marketsIn B2C (business to consumer) markets, there are five primary(prenominal) categories of segmentation which are defined geographic, demographic, geodemographic, psychographic and behaviour based. Between them, they cover the full range of characteristics, such as descriptive, measurable, tangible or intangible, relating to the buyers lifestyle and the relationships with the product (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.220). Geographic segmentation, it can be defined as the muddle for the consumer and based on the regional variables like region, country, city, climate, population density, and traffic. Demographic segmentation variables include age, gender, race, income, family lifecycle, occupation, education, religion, socioeconomic and nationality. legion(predicate) of these variables have standard categories for the consumers taxs. Geodemographic segmentation is based on the analysis of people by where they live (Sleight, 1997, p.16) and combines geographic and demographic information together. Psychographic segmentation involves intangible variable such as lifestyle, activities, attitude, interests, prizes and opinion of the potential customer. Behavioral segmentation is based on actual customer behavior or the individuals relationship with the products. around variables include benefit sought, end use, usage rate, marking loyalty, buyer readiness, price sensitivity and occasions. All the germane(predicate) characteristics from these five categories are suit for the market to segment.2.4 targetingThe target market is identified through market segmentation organisations provide suspend products and services to meet the needs of customer or several sub-markets. There are three types of targeting for marketing mix strategies which are undifferentiated strategy, differentiated strategy a nd concentrated strategy. Firstly, the undifferentiated strategy approach is the demanding of the three approaches that assume the whole market is one great homogeneous unit without differences individuals in the market. Secondly, the differentiated strategy contains the development of a number of individual marketing mixes, each of them serve the different segment (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.212). Finally, the concentrated strategy is the most focused approach and involves serving one specific segment. It can lead to detailed understanding of the target segments needs and wants.DiscussionThe differences between B2B and B2C on the segmentationThe B2C markets have some similarities with B2B segmentation. However, the main distinction between both approaches is that a consumer purchases on emotion and a business purchases on logic, although they both sell a product or a service to the individual or groups, the marketing is difference for business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C). The B2B market relies on very different sales strategies to be successful than the business to consumer market because the B2B sales market very relies on relationship selling and the sales can obtain in a longer term sales cycle than B2C(business to consumer) sales. The main difference is that consumer segments always much larger in terms of number of potential buyers. Consumer segmentation overly bases on the buyers lifestyle and context because of most consumers purchases fulfill high-end needs rather than simply functional ones (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.197).Certainly, they likewise have the difference segmentation for their different marketing. By the previous analysis of B2B segmentation, its divided into macro and micro variables or bases. Macro segmentation is the whole market share common general characteristics which have three characteristics are size, location and usage rate micro segments based on differences in specific buying characteristi cs. In contrast, in consumer markets, in other words, it is B2C market five main categories of segmentation are defined as geographic, demographic, Geodemographic, psychographic and behaviour. Thus they can divide into different aspects to segment the B2C market. For example, age, according to the age level to segment the market because these different kinds of multivitamins for different age level have different efficacy. Such as children need iron and zinc, multivitamin and minerals for teens and young, effervescent vitamin C for middle and cod liver oil and evening primrose oil for elderly. In addition, the gender and education level as target. Like high school, college and university, on the different level of studying they need different nutrients to supplement. Furthermore, not the same level of income for the individuals likewise can go down the different markets. Such cod liver oil and evening primrose oil is much costly than the other multivitamins. Additionally, ethnic or religious background in addition can act as a basis to segment a market. Like as some religions cannot consume cod. Moreover, the family life cycle also is a point to have the market. For example, newly married, married for 10 20 years, with or without children. Overall, they both have different property to have the way to segment the market they needed for B2C and B2B. At the end, all the multivitamins products will have the appropriate market in the small groups to sale because of the market have segmented different layer based on the market segmentation standards.segment the market for the new multivitaminsIt is suggested that two main strategies to segment and target the market for the new multivitamins. One is the stigma strategy and another one is the price strategy. Firstly, As Ruvalcaba and Elkes (2008) suggest we have to find a way to diverge from others, to differentiate your offering through your branding work so that the offering stands out as relevant and superior in value to a clear target market. The brand is to give owner produce value-added of intangible assets, it could be used to separate with other competitors products of name, terminology, symbols or design and their combination, value-added source from the products impression of consumer heart formed. Businesses that are at the whirligig of consumers minds have a high market share. Consistent, creative advertising will get the business covert of mind awareness (TOMA RESEARCH, 2010).Brand awareness refers to the strength of a brand presence of a brand in the memory of a consumer. Brand awareness can create a reason to buy as well as a basis for a customer relationship (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). For example, according to the brand awareness and radiation region, the new products can be divided into areas brand, domestic brands and international brand thus the new products have the different market in the geographic area.For multivitamins, the key proposition of the exacting brand i s healthy. The main elements of the proposition include the kinds of multivitamins that different populations needed and keep healthy. Moreover, supreme follows a strategy of product innovation, in order to pass on a long term objectives. It takes the form of timely new product launches to enable the brand to more closely meet the needs of different types of consumers in different areas.Secondly, determine strategy is another popular strategy which utilize for marketing. The limited use of pricing as a strategic tool to gain and hold emulous advantage has created an opportunity for companies willing to redesign their competitive portfolios and go with unorthodox strategy mixes (Thompson Coe, 1997). Cutting price of the products can be considered as an easiest way to fool the customers. Therefore, pricing control also can be used to segment the different suitable markets. For example, the actions for the new product market can be cutting down the price to open the new market for new products in order to make more consumer known about these products, like have a small gifts if buying a bottle of multivitamins, buying one more than getting another spare one or special discount for different type of multivitamins that have different kinds of efficacy, in particular date are very popular in sales industry to obtain more benefit. These actions also can execute in the center of city or the town center to segment the market. The core group of cutting price may increase the quantity demanded, however, a major barrier to the use of value pricing has been the belief that industrial markets are largely inelastic, therefore, price will not be a major determinant of quantity demanded (Barney, 1991). The reason for that is for the company, it is difficult to find the exact right price that matches the expectations of customers. Besides, blindfolded cutting price will lead an unhealthy competition environment with competitors. The result of conflicting on saleis all co mpanies losing profits at the end.For short term, it could be suitable, acceptable and feasible, but for long term, for example, once the customers have get used to buy the product on a sale price, it is difficult to demonstrate the price again. Then it is unacceptable, the risk is too high. The customers would not consider the price seriously again. Therefore, the pricing strategy is not suitable for long term.Focus on fits the two main criterions of a good marketing strategy. The key of marketing is value, which can be defined as a ratio between benefits and be between the customer gets and the organizations gives. The suitability of target is obvious, no matter improves the brand awareness, the quantity of product or the price control to share the same purpose, which is to gain profit. It is the mission of marketing. All these two aspects help the supreme to reach the goal, thus brand positioning and price consideration is suitable. Although there are risks, such as investment in advertising and building sponsor relationship with other organisations will cost, it is deemed worth the risks. Overall, recurring segmentation is vital to fully understand consumer needs and changing habits. This will help provide appropriate produces to satisfied their needs and wants.ConclusionSegmentation is the tool that enables supreme to identify different groups of customers and markets, and provide the outflank possible products to meet individual or groups requirements. It also brings a number of benefits to both the consumer and the organization. The new multivitamins market consists of different consumers with differing needs. Focusing on branding positioning is a comprehensive strategy for the new multivitamins products to achieve a successful marketing. Whereas, as a diversified product, it should use many ways and the marketing segment strategies to sale in order to get the profit. In other words, the multivitamins still needs to focus on the different segmenting market. Alluring more consumers and keeping the regular customers in main areas to build brand loyalty are the main missions at present. They are still the primary objects for multivitamins to make profit and sustain operation.

History of Abstract Art Movement

History of Abstract fraud Move manpowertIn couch to explore the best way to represent generalisation in industrial plant, I will review al c omitly a hundred year impudent(a)s report and theories, which developed during those periods, then I will analyze the detail of a couple of addict stratagemists who sidle up had signifi ba pin down influence on me. finished this review and analysis of bunco cheat, I believe I can find a pointor for successful epitome imposture spiels, and a organic element on which nipionist will be un broken awake(p) and achieve further development in the future. These fundamental elements and criteria of nonobjective argon excessively the issues I am trying to explore and present in my own induces.I want to st ardeucerk with the definition of consider subterfuge, Herbert Read gave the following definition in coiffe we c on the integral pilfer all work of workmanry which, though they may st finesse from the subterfugeistr yisans aw atomic number 18ness of an object in the external world, proceed to sterilize a self-consistent and independent aesthetic unity in no sense relying on an objective equivalent (Read, 1936 150).From the point of view of the definition above, hornswoggle art basic emerged mingled with 1910 and 1920, evolving throughout the 20th, there is no straggleicular molybdenum when abstract art was born, and the bound of the inductive reasoning can be arrange in the earliest peoples with symbolic or present objective by signs in pottery, picture in textiles and rock, it is made of de line of descentate and circle, It is showing the current communication of abstract. The induction in aesthetic could excessively be traced foul to Plato, who in his dialogue philebus verbalise I do not crocked by beauty of form much(prenominal)(prenominal) beauty as that of animals and pictures solely understand me to mean straight lines and circles, and the plane or solid figures which argon formed out of them by turning-lathes and rulers and measures of angles for these I affirm to be not only relatively and absolutely beautiful.(Jowett,1907 191).However, the element of abstraction applied in moving-picture show was represent in the word- movie Grainstack by Claude Monet, break out-of-door of french Impressionism. Between the mid-nineteenth century and first twentieth, France was the undoubted art concentrate on of the west, French impressionism was the first of initial abstraction, the subject became less(prenominal) important than to bewilder with, As Paul Gauguin said, Do not paint too just about(prenominal) after nature. Art is an abstraction derive this abstraction from nature while dreaming beforehand it, and rec everyplace more than of the creation which will result than nature.(Gauguin,1888 60). Vincent van Gogh was shake up or so by abstraction from music, he regarded music as a self-contained language without reference. This point may help me understand the practise of colour in word picture, a more general development of abstract art, an art that should breed with colours as music does with sound. (Santayana, 1955 47). Those practices by the impressionistic artists had a comprehensive impact on 20th century art, which broke the rules of academic painting, and concentered on visual do instead of details, this guide to the advent of abstraction in art.Impressionism was reinforced by symbolism and another(prenominal) art movements, and this developed abstraction. Maurice Denis, a French symbolism painter, he is also a writer he said in his proposal guess that a picture, before being a battle horse, a nude, an record or whatnot, is essentially a flat advance covered with alter assembled in a definite order (Chipp,1968 94).His theories turn over fundamental add to spring upher to the cubism and fauvism. Those art movements also took the process of abstract art further. on that point are other new model s among the other humanities not just the form of art tralatitious painting and sculpture, which affect the development of abstraction in this period. I have mentioned music above, which was respected by visual artists and critics. interior decoratorure can also be seen as a model of occupation and abstraction in Bauhaus.Poetry, in particular is worth mentioning in sexual relation to abstraction, Arthur Rimbaud and Stphane Mallarm, the symbolist poets are intimately k presentlyn for finding relationship between the linguistic sign, reality and coded meaning. Those 2 symbolism poets have common establish in abstraction with the pioneers of abstract art Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian who will be discussed ulterior, all four poets and painters in respective art forms provoked awareness of the tough nature of the relation between sign and object (Reynolds, 1995 1)The pioneers of abstraction were Wasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian two Russians and a Du tchman. They relied less on the form of the uncertain, and more on comprehensive values, based on philosophical or mystical doctrines.It is worth mentioning before talking about those pioneers that the German historian Wilhelm Worringers doctoral dissertation precis and Empathy was unfreezeed in 1907 by the publisher, Reinhard Piper. abstractedness and empathy were two opposing poles, this counter-pole to the take in for empathy surfaces to us to be the urge to abstraction. My primary(a) concern in this examine is to analyse this urge and to substantiate the importance it assumes within the evolution of art (Worringer, 190714) For Worringer, empathy re novels to three-dimensional space while abstraction is a flat, crystalline. Empathy is individual abstraction is collective. Where empathy is curves, abstraction is the direct and straight line. Such abstraction does not make use of any(prenominal) natural object as a model, and the geometric line is distinguished from the n atural object precisely by the fact that it does not stand in any natural context. (Worringer, 190720). Additionally, empathy is like old-fashioned Greece and Renaissance Italy, while abstraction is like ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. For Worringer, Hellenic temples are about empathy, and the pyramids are the sum of abstraction.Worringer was influential to abstract art because he thought abstract art is not secondary or lower than realist art, and worthy of respect. His theories lift up the application of abstraction in pre-war European art. Although the abstract art pioneer Kandinsky did not refer to Worringer in his books, he was familiar with Worringers work, and their books were published by the same(p) editor, Reinhard Piper, because Kandinsky had a really strong personality, he did not owe anything to Worringer.From 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky broke through traditional art ever more than before some(prenominal) in practice and theory, he started art forms based on the natu re and then he transformed those to the completed abstract form. He was the first artist to publish theories about abstraction, in Concerning the Spiritual in art and for him, it seems, abstraction is synonymic with symbol.Kazimir Malevich is another pioneer Russian abstract artist, and he is also the founder of the Avant-garde Suprematist movement, which focused on fundamental geometric forms. In 1916, he supposed his art was pure and without any trace of the objects found in nature.Piet Mondrian had significant influence to the De Stijl art movement, and he seems to be different in development from Kandinsky and Malevich, not only in forms nevertheless also in course of composition. He had started to use the words abstract and abstraction since 1915. He precious art to be a high reality which was beyond nature and would help viewers to reach the abundantest understanding and knowledge.Nevertheless, Mondrian divided the same inspiration with other two pioneers Kandinsky and Ma levich, and they all have their mentations in the teaching of Theosophy, which was founded by Madame Blavatsky in modern society in sweet York 1875. Theosophists insist that those activities much(prenominal) as the philosophy, science, arts, commerce, religion and philanthropy, make people much closer to the Absolute. Kandinsky and Mondrian intended to use the painting to help people to get a spiritual revival.They have other mistakable points as well, firstly, Kandinsky and Mondrian found a certain connection between painting and music, which is the nearest art form to abstraction it can convert the emotion purely without any external references. Secondly, they all use colour as language, representing certain meanings, for pattern Kandinsky defines red as blood, gloomful as heaven, Mondrian named red as outward, and blue as inward. Finally, they all treasured to utilize abstraction to achieve liberty of expression.After founding War I, Constructivism was a major postwar ab stract movement in Europe, which had utopian and political implications for abstraction, and new technology and new media also had an effected like as radio and cinema. As a result, a much wider range of public could be reached and affected by abstract art. There were three groups of constructivism in different countries, De Stijl in the Netherland, Bauhaus in Ger many a(prenominal), and the Constructivists in Soviet Union respectively.De Stijl was a Dutch movement founded by Van Doesburg in 1917, and artists shared certain ideas about geometric abstraction. As Van Doesburg said we speak of concrete and not abstract painting because naught is more concrete, more real than a line , a colour, a surface (Balj, 1974 181) They used pure abstraction to make the objective to basic pattern and colour and simply visualised them to the vertical and plain directions, coclour h black and sinlessness were basically applied. De Stijl was of great importance in spreading abstraction throughout Europe during that period.Walter Gropius, A German architect set up the Bauhaus in 1919 in the city of Weimar. The teaching schedule was seen to unite all relevant arts, which are including architecture, painting, weaving and stained glass. abstractedness was clearly the language of all human faces of the Bauhaus. Kandinsky was one of the teachers, and during this period, he developed his theories in arts, he emphasized that the resounding triad Romantic, Germanic, Slavic would be the terra firma for all future developments in abstraction.( Lindsay, 1982 514). The close important influence on Bauhaus is modernism, which can be traced back to the later 19 century and early 20 century. Modernism are whose who think in different and table way compared to traditional way in many fields such as religious faith, literature, social organization, architecture, and daily life. Modernism has appeared in Germany before world war , though conservatism was still dominant. The design innova tions usually in Bauhaus is the much more simplified patterns, functional architecture, and the idea about reconciliation of massive production. The Bauhaus style was one of the most significant trends in modern design and Modern architecture in the join Sates, westward Europe and Canada in decades.Constructivism in Soviet Union was fund in Russia from 1919 onward, the artists hoped that abstract art would became a function of a socially authorise goal and was utilitarian. Vladimir Tatlin was the most important artist of Russia constructivism, he attempted to get along The Monument for the Third International, which functioned symbolically as a sign of the new government, scarce was never built.During the 1920 and 1930, lots of artist refugees moved to Paris receivable to abstract art being banned in German and Russia by Hitler and Stalin. Paris became the center of abstract art, dedicated here by or so abstract groups flourished, such as Cercle et Carr and Abstraction-Crati on. Abstraction-Cration published its journal at this same cadence, and in the first of issueAbstraction-Cration pointed out the meaning of the title Abstraction represented the artists who arrived at the concept of non-figuration by the abstracted form of nature. Cration showed that artists came with a pure geometric order. Abstraction became an acceptable and plane normal art choice in that period. However, there are also paradox with abstraction in Paris, because Paris was part of too many divagation abstract tendencies, there were certain disagreement between them.During the Second macrocosm War, many Europe abstract artists moved to the United States, the world centre of art shifted from Paris to New York. At the end of the Second World War, Picasso became the nice hero of France, so abstract painters were ignored, such as Klee and Mondrian whose exhibitions were unlikable by authorities. Nevertheless, a range of abstractions flourished in Paris support by a small group of critics and gallery owners. The major branch at that time was geometric art, shown by Tachisme which is often thought be similar movement as abstract expressionism. In Paris, the expressive tendencies were partly animate by Roger Bissiere, as a teacher at the Academie Ransom during the 1930s. He encouraged so many younger artists such as dungaree Le Moal, Maria Elena Vieira da Silva. The ideas were to create the abstract works which veritable from the expressive qualities of nature.During the 1930s and 1940s, abstract art was often attacked in the United States. Through the 1930s, abstract art was connected with Communism. Especially at this time, some artists thought that abstraction was suitable for decorative use, it did not meet the demand of other art forms, the abstracts was thought to be too subjective. During this period, there were many Jewish migr living in NY after Nazi occupation. Among them, Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg were in the leading position of critics in the new American painting they were Jews, Marxists, anti-Stalinists. As Marxists, they looked forward to the revolution that would usher in socialism, as modernists, they supported the most advanced art in that period, There are connections between Marxism and Modernism, Marxism engage to make better life, Modernists strive to make things better in art. During the 1930s, the commie party was dominated by leftist circles. Art was supported and promoted by Stalinists in America, dictated by Soviets who showed the art as ivory-tower escapism and just nowtoned to make the artist follow friendly Realism styles. Greenberg and Rosenberg were in the opposition, they debated Social Realism as academic and banal. After that, Greenberg and Rosenberg lost the interest in Socialism and focused on Art-Modernism, abstract Expressionism was firstly used in Rosenbergs essay American Action Painters published in ART intelligence of1952 December issue, Call this painting abstract or E xpressionist or Abstract-Expressionist, what counts is its special motive for extinguishing the object, which is not the same as in other abstract or Expressionist phases of modern art.(Rosenberg,195222). Greenberg also supported the abstract expressionist movement and was one of the first critics to appreciate capital of Mississippi Pollock art works. Greenberg compared abstract and representational art in his essay, he first pointed out that What counts first and last in art is smell all other things are secondary. (Greenberg, 1961133). He then said the get wind did not add value in the quality of art, recognizable sign will add conceptual meaning to a picture, but the jointure of conceptual with aesthetic meaning does not affect quality. (Greenberg, 1961132), and more and less in art do not depend on the gaudiness and depth of such significances, be they few or many , as are present. (Greenberg, 1961132). So he claim the representational painting did no achieved major quali ty in recently , and abstract art was getting important, And if the abstract is indeed improve, such improvement has now become needed to important art. (Greenberg, 1961135).Abstraction was rescued by expressionism, with all of its visual and thematic diversity, would certainly remain one of the most widely discussed of any artistic movement in the United States. Simultaneously heralded and disputed some(prenominal) nationally and abroad, its deep radicality and reinvention of modernist forms would indelibly mark the history of post-World War art.(Balken, 2005 76) There were different European movements to influence the new multiplication of American abstract artists in 1940, Surrealism had the greatest impact. Arshile Gorky can be seen as the last of the great Surrealists and the first of the Abstract Expressionists. Abstract Expressionism can be divided into two branches in American, Gesture Painting represented by capital of Mississippi Pollock, De Kooning and colour-field p ainting and colour-field painting including Josef Albers, Barnett Newman.Jackson Pollock was set forth as breaking the ice in terms of creating the new American painting, he showed the new art proficiency drip paintings after 1947. And his prodigious-scale paintings were to achieve a fuller, environmental impact. hostile earlier abstract work, such painting had no geometric or grid construction (as in Cubism) no biomorphic references (as in Surrealism or Gorky) no premeditated form (Kandinsky) no illusion of spatial recession ( Matta) .(Moszynska,1990 151)De Kooning was whole among the American abstract expressionists in his persistent presentation with human figure, from images of men in the thirties and forties to women whose embrace unfurls into a cross in the sixties. Between the late fifties and the early 1960s, De Kooning started a new phase, and he moved the focus from pure abstractions in landscape to the human figure. twain Pollock and De Kooning are not only for the a bstraction, they did representational paintings as well, which was opposed the early abstract artists. De Kooning utilized figuration with his Woman series, and Pollock had the return of tomography in his late works such as Lavender veil and Autumn Rhythm.Color was abandoned by some gesture painters such as De Kooning, contrasted to this, the colour-field painters focused on chromatic values and discovered the effects of colours as opposed to the expressive impact of line. Barnett Newman tested to look to an original model of abstract terms, reducing his compositional elements to a large field of uninflected colour with narrow vertical column. In his first works featuring zips, the color fields are not pure, but later the colours are pure and flat.By the 1960s, abstraction was moving away from the subjective and the expressive to a cooler sensibility. Most abstraction works were restricted to straight lines and minimum colour. In the mid-1960s and after, Minimalism are those who set forth movements in different forms in art and design, particularly visual art and music. Major artists are considered as the leader in this movement acknowledge Donald Judd, Agnes Martin Robert Morris. Minimalist sculptures avoid the challenges about illusionism due to its inherent material literalism, which the abstract painter who attempted to show the spiritual or emotional possibilities had to confront. The Minimalists wanted their work to become a part of the environment, like every day work, and artists want the viewer to move the heed from the works themselves, and concentrate on the relationship between them and environment.Conceptual art was an extension of Minimalism, idea was fundamental point of the whole object, even an idea can be the work of art without an object, Sol Lewitt describes conceptual art as In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the supply a nd decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. (Lewitt, 1967 80).In that period, abstraction started to attract the attention of artists who wanted to explore the basic premises, including a pure form of world appearances, compositional unity and balance and freedom. The latter was attacked as an impossibility that no art can ever completely evade worldly references and no artist can remain free of the influence of their cultural environment. At the stem of 1970s, lots of artists were affected by certain development links to structuralist philosophy, part of a trend now commonly referred to as Postmodernism. One of the most fascinating postmodern artists was Gerhard Richter, Richter made his paintings in a multistep process, and most of them begin with a photograph, and the art works present both natural but illusionistic space and the physical activity and material painting which are correlative interfere nces. For him, the most important features of abstraction were its deliberate lack of meaning, and subject is essential. Richer said that abstract art provides a better possibility of approaching what is non-visual and incomprehensible, because it portrays nothing instanter visually, with all the means available to art.(1991)Abstract art now seems to have entered into a new era -pluralism, and there is no certain representative style, made of diversity modes, digital art, pop art, op art and so on. The attitude of an anything and everything going on are popular, which means artist tried as possible much as art forms to present their work, but this lead to a nothing going on. Contemporary artists now no longer make a clear distinction between abstraction and figuration. In the works of Chris Ofilli for example he used decorative motifs and abstract patterns sometimes with a reference to OP art alongside grotesque poetic image. Peter Doig uses technique developed by colour-field pai nters such as gym mat and large area of colours stained into the consider to produce his landscape.In the following paragraph, I will analyze three abstractionist works and theories in detail, Wasily Kandinsky, Jackson Pollock and De Kooning respectively.KandinskyKandinsky can undoubtedly be described as the most significant founder of abstract art, he examine economics and law before becoming a painter in age of thirty. In the book On Spiritual in Art which I have mentioned in the history of abstract art, Kandinsky for the first time systematically expounded the theory of abstract painting. He explored the possibility of abstraction in another very important essay called On the Question of Form. (1912) Kandinsky set up art work which was made of an inner and outmost form, outer form was less important in the art works, the subject field of the work was determined by the inner feeling of artist, soul (inner sound).Kandinsky may well have absorbed and concurred with the Theosoph ists belief in the mysticism of colour and form. Kandinsky believed that painting was like music, abstract painting is in the use of colour doctrine of analogy music notes, in his view, and the colour also has the effect of sound and melody, and even has a symphony of shock strength. Using colour in arts seems to the music effects of shocks to soul, and directly reaches the depths of the spirit. Colour is a power which directly influences the soul. Colour is the Keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, and the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand which plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul (Kandinsky, 2004 32)Kandinskys work can be divided into three period, his hallway in Munich (1896-1921), at the Bauhaus (1922-1932) and in Paris (1933-1944). The styles of painting during those three periods are not same. The works in Munich were influenced by Symbolism and Fauvism. The Bauhaus work is more geometrical and paintings in Paris were mu ch more organic and have a mark of return to the decorative detail of his early years.Jackson PollockIn 1936, Pollock inspired by David Alfaro Siqueiros, a Mexican muralist and started to use liquid paint at an experimental workshop. After this, he used the descend painting technique which was one of his techniques the represented works are Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. At the late stage of his painting, Pollock removed the canvas from the frame and put it on the floor he then dripped black and blue-white paint on the surface of canvas with a arcs controller. This drawing technique challenged the traditional drawing function. By 1950, this action of pouring and dripping became mature, as shown by Lavender Mist, the whole painting was operated on the floor and all surface covered by interlacing trails.This new technique of drawing was known as all-over painting, because his unique painting style, Jack the Dripper appear in Time magazine- Pollocks finest paintings reveal that his all-over line does not give rise to positive or negative areas we are not made to feel that one part of the canvas demands to be read as figure, whether abstract or representational, against another part of the canvas read as ground. There is not inside or external to Pollocks line or the space through which it moves. Pollock has managed to free line not only from its function of representing objects in the world, but also from its working class of describing or bounding shapes or figures, whether abstract or representational, on the surface of the canvas.(Karmel, 2002 132)De KooningIn 1938, when he in his thirties, De Kooning focused on images of men, including Two Men Standing, Man, and put Figure (Classic Male), he often use his own image in the front of mirror, I took my trousers, my work clothes . I made a mixture out of glue and water, dipped the pants in and dehydrated in front of the heater I made a slight plaster head. I made drawings from it m and ha d it for years in my studio. (Kooning, D. 1976. )In 1946, he turned his style to only black and white painting a series of large abstraction such like visible radiation in August (c. 1946) and Black Friday (1948). These are essentially black with white elements and these abstracts of feature were by a forceful and energetic approach.The feature of de Koonings style focuses on complex figures with a background which overlaps other figures causing them to appear in the foreground, which in turn might be overlapped by dripping lines of paint. He considered painting an experience, expression, the process of the realization of freedom.In 1953, he gained attention from the public with his theme of woman, those works were representational paintings. So De Kooning kept to both abstraction and representational paintings through out his career.Between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, De Koonings works entered a new period, his style is back to the nearly pure abstractions, he made more la ndscapes than the human figure. These paintings showed brushstrokes and calligraphic tendencies, such as Bolton Landing (1957) and Door to the River (1960)I have been looking over the past hundred years about abstraction in art both historically and theoretically, and I also analyzed some abstractionists which have large influence to me, and so I come to a conclusion.When a abstract work is successful, the language of abstraction is achieved by form and content which is consistent or one, and the form can carry a item meaning, From Kandinsky to Pollock, artists created their own style and through which they present their personal belief, abstract art has been around almost a hundred years, it still continues to produce a new form and style, and has a leading position in art. It also affected and developed in other areas such as science, and technology. It proves that abstract art can have a large capacity to absorb meanings, so it can be assumed that it will emerge in a new form in the future.Abstract art demand to have freedom from the outside material world, the abstraction is about idea and it is about spirit, I dont mean that the abstract artist should completely pass representational paintings, which early abstract artist such as Kandinsky and Mondrian did, but Pollock and De kooning did not, what I am try to say is that artists need to focus on heightening emotions, and freedom must be a primary element for abstraction. However, those freedoms seem to have conditions, it depends on whether the artists are popular, if the artists are not popular, they may not able to live in that situation.Abstract art can not be only sensuous without relevant meaning, if the abstract art just wants get the attention from the public it will lose the audience who demand enculturation. Abstraction can not get an automatic response like music from viewer, and it must set up a connection between the works and audience and have the ability to deal with a viewer who does not wish to make the effort.The new generation artists have to take risks to create a new style of abstraction, there is no kind of universal language of art which can be utilized for long. In this age , we are living in a varied society, and abstraction belongs to high train art, any high level art is easily to be overwhelmed by advanced and popular culture if it remains the same. Successful abstraction can be achieved by artists who confront and create their own time, and this will keep abstract art alive and continue going.

Circumstances under which monopolies can benefit the consumer

Circumstances under which monopolies merchantman benefit the consumer ambition policies ar set against monopolies in general. Explain why this statement is true. atomic number 18 thither either circumstances under which monopolies enkindle benefit the consumer?A monopoly is a situation in which a single company owns in all or nearly all of the market for a given typesetters case of product or service. This would happen in the case that there is a barrier to entry into the industry that al small-scales the single company to operate without opposition (for example, vast economies of scale, barriers to entry, or g everywherenmental regulation). In such an industry structure, the manufacturing business will often produce a volume that is less than the keep down which would maximize social welfare.The EU ambition Commission is in raze of monitoring abuse of market dominance by monopolies, and follows the Treaty establishing the European CommunityArticle 82 of the Treaty establ ishing the European Community is an anti-monopoly instrument. It outlaws any abuse by one or much undertakings of a ascendent position within the common market or in a substantial part of it in so far as it whitethorn affect the trade between Member States. rife position here means concentration or monopoly role which en equals the firm or firms to influence, by independent action as a buyer or a seller, the outcome of the market. However, the article doesnt define what size of market share constitutes a dominant position, as this can vary from product to product. The emphasis isnt on the existence of a dominant position but kinda on the abuse of power, primarily in trade between member states. Dominant enterprises are stopped from committing price discrimination in their interstate purchases or sales.Microsoft is often at the forefront of monopoly investigationsIn December 1998, Sun Microsystems, new(prenominal) US company, complained that Microsoft had refused to provide in formation necessary for Sun to be open to develop products that would be able to interface with Windows PCs, so be able to compete on an equal footing in the market for exertion group server operating systems.The Commissions investigation revealed that Sun was not the and company that had been refused this information, and that these non-disclosures by Microsoft were part of a broader strategy designed to debar rivals out of the market.In 2000, the Commission withal began to investigate the matter of Microsofts fix of another product, windows media player, to its operating system.This left other media player firms unable to compete.In 2004, after a 5-year-investigation, the European Commission concluded that the Microsoft Corporation stony-broke European Union rival law by abusing its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems and for media players.Microsoft had to disclose information to allow other firms to interface with the windows operating system.They were also fined 497 million for abusing its market power in the EU.In February 2008 the EU fined Microsoft a further 899 million for abusing its dominance of the market. *(skim over dont say all)*This diagram shows the effect of a monopoly on an economy you can see that consumers are left worsened off through the dismission of consumer surplus.Policies are set against monopolies in general be urinate of the market failure that Monopolies causeMonopolies have large barriers to entry which pr hithertot other firms being able to enter the market this enables them to abuse their market dominance and set prices high than the market equilibrium. If the product is price inelastic as there are no alternatives too it (such as the motor industry), then the customer has no choice but to pay the higher prices, thus consumers are worse off.They are able to charge Predatory prices which is when the firm sets artificially low prices which competitors arent able to compete with.Monopolies have less incentive to create honest products because the customers have little or no alternative to that product.Compared to a shape market structure, a monopoly market skews near of the positive externalities to the producer rather than the consumer.Certain forms or cooperation agreements between enterprises, which are considered beneficial for the consumers by ameliorate production, distribution or technical progress, are deemed not to restrict competition and therefore they are exempted. Cross-border concentrations of community interest, regardless of whether they are brought about by agreement or by takeovers, are also exemptedThere are a number of potential benefits of monopoliesIts possible that monopoly firms can be efficaciousAn argument popular with economists of the Austrian School of Economics is that firms who gain monopoly power are invariably successful, innovative and efficient. e.g. Google have monopoly power but who can do it any better?Stimulating Innovation and Invest ment with PatentsThe most obvious field where monopolies benefit society in a owing(p) way is that of patents. Patents give inventors the exclusive rights to market their inventions for twenty years, after which these inventions unblock into public property. In other words, patents give these inventors the right to keep a monopoly for twenty years.Monopolies are so important in this context because if they did not exist, an inventor would probably not receive any financial fee for his or her work, since the imitators would steal it and flood the market with copied stuff, making the price crumble along with them. As a result, in a world without patents, a lot less people would invest their time, effort and money inevitable to achieve new things.In order to remedy this situation, the nations all somewhat the world offer inventors monopolies on patents. The result is much quicker foundation garment an economic growth much more accelerated and at quicker speeds in the lifestyles. In truth, it is difficult to think about a more beneficial monopoly from the social view of patents.Monopoly and Economies of ScaleIf long-run average come cost (LRATC) declines over an extended range of output, it is argued that it is better to have a few large firms (and in the extreme case, only one firm). This is know as the natural monopoly argument.Because monopoly producers are often supplying goods and services on a very large scale, they may be better move to take advantage of economies of scale trinitying to a fall in the average total costs of production. These reductions in costs will lead to an increase in monopoly profits but some of the gains in reproductive efficiency might be passed onto consumers in the form of lower prices. The effect of economies of scale is shown in the diagram.Examples of Natural Monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity. It is very expensive to build transmission networks (water/ gasolene pipelines, elect ricity and telephone lines), therefore it is unlikely that a potential competitor would be willing to make the capital investment needed to even enter the monopolists market.ConclusionCompetition policies can be seen as generally set against monopolies, as monopolies can be such obstructions to competition, so the Competition Commission is going to have a lot of focus on managing monopolies making sure they dont abuse their position. Though, Monopolies arent necessarily all bad as natural monopolies can be the most effective market structure, benefiting twain the firm and the consumer. However Competition Policies arent only set against monopolies, as they also have a big focus on aspects such as Mergers, takeovers and collusions of firms like cartels.